Abstract: The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) represents a dynamic and strategically vital maritime space, home to critical sea lanes of communication (SLOCs), abundant natural resources, and complex geopolitical landscapes. As nations in the IOR increasingly depend on the oceans for trade, security, and sustainable development, maritime cooperation becomes pivotal. Hydrography, the science of charting and surveying seas and coasts, emerges as a foundational element for safe navigation, disaster preparedness, and resource management. For India, with its advanced hydrographic capabilities and cooperative outlook in the IOR, hydrography is more than a scientific endeavour; it can be a potent tool for diplomacy, capacity building, and fostering regional collaboration. This article explores the multifaceted role of hydrography in regional diplomacy, challenges encountered and proposes recommendations to increase its impact.

Navies and Diplomatic Roles

Geo-strategic interests, crises and circumstances have resulted in expanding cooperation among nations, not only in the neighbourhood but beyond as well. In this landscape diplomacy, in its largest sense, is a crucial tool for nations to advance or protect their interests and engage with the global community. It provides the means for navigating the complexities of international relations.

Within the larger ambit of statecraft and diplomacy as one of the strategic strands, is also a nation’s military diplomacy. Specifically for the Indian Navy, this role is explained well in Chapter 5 (Strategy for Shaping a Favourable and Positive Maritime Environment) of the official publication, Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy. The diplomatic role of Navy can be crucial in advancing foreign policy, often influencing diplomatic relations and strategic engagement on the global stage. In an obvious way, oceans and seas provide global connectivity, binding nations spanning continents. Ships have always been the dominant means of international commerce for a few millennia already and maritime trade is quite literally the lifeline for most countries including even for land-locked ones.1 Oceans serve not only as vital repositories of energy and food resources but also could be used for extracting poly-metallic nodules and other minerals, driven by the advent of cost-effective technologies. Within the larger scope of maritime diplomacy by Indian statecraft and the instrumentality of the Indian Navy (IN), the Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD) makes an important contribution.

Present Initiatives and Hydrographic Diplomacy

The IN has actively engaged in numerous multilateral initiatives that align with India's foreign policy objectives. One of the most prominent among these is the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS). Aligned with India's diplomatic strategies such as the “Act East Policy” and “Security and Growth for All in the Region” (SAGAR), Exercise MILAN, was inaugurated in 1995 as a biennial multinational exercise. Furthermore, the IN regularly conducts bilateral and multilateral exercises with various navies around the world. These exercises serve multiple purposes, including enhancing operational readiness, promoting mutual understanding, and strengthening strategic partnerships. The Navy also undertakes regular port visits across the globe, which helps build diplomatic ties and demonstrate India's commitment to maintaining peace and cooperative security in international waters.

Hydrography, the science of charting and surveying seas and coasts, has quite obviously been an integral element for safe navigation, disaster preparedness, and oceanic resource management. With its advanced hydrographic capabilities India has for decades helped countries around the IOR through hydrographic surveys, training and has been a “chart-maker” in the best sense of the word for maritime diplomacy, capacity building, and fostering regional collaboration. However, more could be done.

How Hydrography Enhances Foreign Relations

Hydrography’s significance stems from its direct impact on navigation and safety. Accurate hydrographic data is essential for creating navigational charts and navigational safety in harbours and ports, channels, straits and open oceans not only for merchant vessels, fishermen but for naval ships and submarines. In a region as busy and ecologically sensitive as the Indian Ocean, the absence of reliable charts can lead to accidents, environmental degradation, and economic losses. By providing precise hydrographic information, any nation not just aids global maritime stakeholders but also strengthens its credibility as a leader in maritime safety.

Beyond navigation, hydrography supports a range of critical activities, including disaster management and resource exploration. The region is particularly prone to natural disasters such as cyclones, tsunamis, and storm surges. In such scenarios, updated hydrographic surveys are indispensable for coordinating rescue operations, rebuilding port infrastructure, and restoring trade routes. For instance, after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Indian naval hydrographers played a crucial role in surveying affected areas, ensuring the safe movement of relief supplies, and assisting in long-term recovery efforts. After Cyclone Fanoos (2005) impacted the region, the INHD conducted joint surveys with Sri Lanka to assess the damage along its south eastern coastline. Similarly, after Cyclone Gonu (2007), the INHD deployed its survey ship to the Maldives, assessing storm-induced changes in seabed topography and clearing vital channels to support fishing and tourism. Further as part of its international responsibilities, INHD provides coverage for Maritime Safety Information (MSI) in the region NAVAREA VIII comprising of Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The Chief Hydrographer to the Government of India is the NAVAREA VIII coordinator and all Radio Navigational Warnings for NAVAREA-VIII are issued by the Chief Hydrographer to the Government of India. The Naval Chart Depot at Mumbai coordinates the broadcast of all Navigational Warnings.2

Hydrography also enables the sustainable management of marine resources. As nations increasingly rely on their maritime domains for economic growth, accurate mapping of underwater topography, sediment composition, and resource deposits becomes essential.

Handing Over of Preliminary Sheet To MNDF Maldives in Male, 20123

The Indian Navy’s Hydrographic Diplomacy

India’s hydrographic capabilities are a result of decades of investment in technology, training, and international collaboration. The Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD) was the erstwhile Marine Survey of India, established in 1874 at Kolkata. Post-independence the department continued to carry out its functions under the supervision of Surveyor-in-Charge of Marine Survey of India. On 01 June 1954, the Marine Survey of India was relocated to Dehradun, (earlier in the state of Uttar Pradesh, but now in Uttarakhand) and was renamed the Naval Hydrographic Office.4 Since then the dominant position of British (Admiralty) hydrographic support around the IOR waned and Indian capacities improved because of determined decisions by various governments and navies and the vision of senior IN officers resulting in the broadening of INHDs role and responsibilities. With a fleet of modern survey ships equipped with advanced sonar systems, satellite-based geospatial tools, and autonomous platforms, the organisation has been undertaking complex surveys across diverse maritime environments.5

These capabilities have been effectively served the objectives of regional diplomacy. India has conducted bilateral hydrographic surveys with nations like Mauritius, Myanmar, Maldives, Seychelles, Tanzania and Sri Lanka to name a few, providing them with critical navigational charts and capacity-building support.6 These collaborations have not only enhanced maritime safety in these countries but also deepened trust and goodwill. For instance, India’s assistance in charting the waters around Seychelles has been instrumental in boosting its maritime security and economic resilience. As a tool of soft power, hydrography helps India strengthen its relationships with neighbouring and regional states while promoting collective security and economic prosperity in various categories which may include:

  • Enhancing Navigational Safety. Hydrographic surveys produce nautical charts that reduce the risk of maritime accidents, ensuring the safety of vessels transiting through the busy and sometimes perilous waters of the Indian Ocean. Given the heavy maritime traffic in the region, the role of the INHD in addressing these gaps cannot be overstated. Surveys carried out in collaboration with partner nations often lead to the publication of updated navigational charts, benefitting both military and commercial stakeholders.

  • Supporting Maritime Infrastructure Development. Many littoral nations in the region lack the technical expertise or resources for detailed hydrographic surveys. The Indian Navy’s hydrographic missions support the development of critical maritime infrastructure such as ports, harbours, and offshore platforms. These surveys also enable the planning of undersea cable networks, oil and gas exploration projects, and renewable energy initiatives like offshore wind farms. By aiding partner nations in their infrastructure development, India can foster goodwill and strengthen economic ties.

  • Strengthening Bilateral Relations. Hydrographic surveys are invariably conducted at the invitation of other countries and involve hydrographic personnel and authorities in those countries and the involvement of Indian embassies or high commissions. Such activities demonstrate India’s willingness to share its advanced capabilities for the benefit of its regional partners and helps further mutual trust may, translate into stronger bilateral relations.

  • Capacity Building and Training. Through the INHD, India has emerged as a hub for hydrographic training and capacity building. Foreign naval personnel are trained in advanced survey techniques, use of hydrographic equipment, and chart preparation at National Institute of Hydrography (NIH), Goa. The institute is of international repute and offers the International IHO’s Cat ‘A’ and Cat ‘B’ certification in competency for hydrographers in the region.7 These training programs promote long-lasting professional relationships and position India as a preferred partner for developing nations seeking to enhance their maritime capabilities. Until 2024, NIH has trained 512 Officers and 411 sailors in various courses encompassing foreign trainees from 41 countries.

  • Environmental Protection and Disaster Response. Hydrographic data plays a critical role in environmental conservation, supporting sustainable fisheries and marine biodiversity protection. Additionally, detailed seabed mapping aids in disaster preparedness and response, including tsunami warnings, oil spill containment, and search and rescue operations. By sharing hydrographic data with regional countries, India continues to contribute to collective resilience against natural and man-made disasters.

  • Blue Economy Promotion. The concept of the Blue Economy emphasizes sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth and environmental health. Hydrographic data facilitates the exploration of marine resources, identification of fishing grounds, and development of eco-tourism. India’s hydrographic missions contribute directly to the realization of its own Blue Economy goals as well as those of its regional partners.

  • Facilitating Multilateral Cooperation. India actively engages with regional and international forums such as the IONS and the IHO. These platforms provide opportunities to share expertise, develop collaborative strategies, and establish norms for maritime safety and security. Hydrographic efforts under these frameworks can further enhance India’s diplomatic outreach.

A Soft Power Instrument

India’s hydrographic initiatives are a prime example of soft power in action Hydrographic diplomacy emphasizes collaboration, shared benefits, and mutual respect.

As mentioned earlier, hydrographic missions are conducted only at the request of partner nations, respecting their sovereignty and national sensitivities. This approach encourages trust and can strengthen India’s reputation as a cooperative and respectful partner. The Navy’s advanced hydrographic equipment, skilled personnel, and adherence to international standards showcase India’s technical and operational competence in hydrography and enhances India’s image as a leader in maritime sciences. Joint survey missions, training programs, and technical exchanges create enduring professional relationships between men in uniform.

Challenges in Conducting Hydrography in Foreign Water

While hydrography offers immense potential as a diplomatic tool, it is not without challenges. These challenges stem from political, operational, and technical factors:

  • Political Sensitivities. Hydrographic surveys in foreign waters may sometimes encounter issues of national sovereignty of a requesting country with one of its own neighbours. In such cases, India may choose not to appear to be taking sides on an issue to be resolved by them. In such cases, and sometimes even when there may be no sovereignty issues, hydrographic surveys can create concerns about the security and confidentiality of data which are addressed though discussions and protocols on securing data to the satisfaction of all concerned. For instance, in areas like the South China Sea, where nations may have overlapping claims, India assisting a particular nation with hydrographic surveys might not be advisable. Effective engagement and transparency, alongside adherence to international laws such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), are essential as a framework in making choices about survey assistance.

  • Capacity Constraints. Hydrographic missions require substantial commitment of specialized assets, including survey vessels, state-of-the-art equipment, and highly trained personnel. There always are competing national requirements for the same assets needed for international commitments. High operational costs can strain budgets for India. Allocating resources to balance domestic needs, such as coastal development and disaster preparedness, against international commitments is generally a challenge. Furthermore, the maintenance and modernization of existing hydrographic infrastructure require significant funding. In many cases, partnerships with private organizations or international funding bodies may be necessary to bridge resource gaps. However, reliance on external entities can also introduce additional complexities, such as aligning objectives and ensuring equitable distribution of benefits.

  • Data Sharing and Management. Sharing hydrographic data with partner nations or international organizations is a critical component of global maritime safety and environmental conservation efforts. However, this process is fraught with challenges. Issues of confidentiality and intellectual property rights can be addressed to prevent the misuse or unauthorized dissemination of sensitive data. For instance, detailed bathymetric information could potentially be exploited for military purposes or commercial advantage. Establishing clear agreements on data usage, ownership, and distribution is vital to building trust and fostering collaboration. These agreements may define the scope of data accessibility, conditions for its use, and protocols for dispute resolution. Additionally, the management of vast volumes of hydrographic data necessitates robust digital infrastructure and adherence to international standards, ensuring data interoperability and security.

  • Technological Barriers. The dynamic nature of technological advancement poses a constant challenge for hydrographic operations. Staying at the forefront of technology requires continuous investment in cutting-edge tools, such as autonomous systems and advanced data processing software. Moreover, maintaining proficiency in these technologies demands regular training and upskilling of personnel, which can be both time-consuming and costly. For nations with limited technical capabilities, the gap in hydrographic standards can hinder their ability to meet international expectations or contribute effectively to collaborative missions. Partnerships with technologically advanced countries, as well as participation in international forums and training programs, can help mitigate these barriers. Nevertheless, the rapid obsolescence of equipment and the increasing complexity of emerging technologies may underscore the need for a strategic approach to technological adoption and resource allocation.

  • Environmental and Operational Challenges. Conducting hydrographic surveys often involves operating in remote or environmentally hostile regions, where adverse weather conditions and limited infrastructure can significantly impede progress. Storms, rough seas, and extreme temperatures pose risks to both personnel and equipment, leading to delays and escalating costs. Furthermore, challenging seabed topographies, such as underwater canyons, volcanic formations, or areas with high sedimentation rates, complicate data collection and analysis. In some cases, the presence of sensitive ecosystems or protected marine areas necessitates the implementation of additional measures to minimize environmental impact, further increasing operational complexity. Addressing these challenges requires meticulous planning, adaptive strategies, and the deployment of resilient equipment designed for harsh conditions.

  • Geopolitical Rivalries. Hydrographic missions in contested regions or areas influenced by competing geopolitical interests often face heightened scrutiny and resistance. In some cases, such missions may be obstructed by rival nations or non-state actors seeking to assert dominance or disrupt operations. For example, surveys conducted near disputed maritime boundaries or in resource-rich areas could be perceived as attempts to gain strategic or economic leverage, leading to diplomatic protests or even physical interference. Managing these dynamics may require a nuanced approach, combining technical expertise with diplomatic acumen where the MEA and diplomatic representatives play critical role in conveying the right assurances, giving policy advice and keeping in contact with the officials of the recipient nation. Establishing clear communication channels, engaging in multilateral dialogues, and ensuring compliance with international norms can help mitigate tensions.

Furthering Hydrographic Diplomacy

Ironically, even if a result of a response to request, certain quarters in partner nations may perceive hydrographic surveys as intrusive. This requires their scope, and objectives are to be clearly communicated by their agencies. Transparency and trust-building are essential to overcoming such concerns. Proactively engaging in dialogue with host nations, sharing the potential benefits of hydrography, and adhering to mutually agreed protocols can significantly reduce apprehension.

Policymakers in partner nations may sometimes not have a full understanding of the navigational and economic benefits of hydrography. This could result in a degree of resistance to a survey or underutilization of hydrographic data. Conducting educational outreach initiatives, organizing workshops, and leveraging public diplomacy campaigns could bridge this gap especially when done in partnership. Highlighting success stories and case studies where hydrography has contributed to maritime safety, resource management, and disaster mitigation can further reinforce its importance as a cooperative tool.

Further, navigating the intricate web of international maritime laws, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) regulations, and bilateral agreements requires meticulous planning and specialized legal expertise. Non-compliance or oversight can lead to diplomatic disputes or operational setbacks. Establishing dedicated legal teams familiar with international frameworks, ensuring alignment with UNCLOS provisions, and fostering intergovernmental collaboration certainly are helpful steps in such cases. Periodic joint review and updates to agreements could also help.

To reiterate, hydrographic missions do involve multiple stakeholders, including the Indian Navy, Ministry of External Affairs, and authorities within partner nations. Aligning the objectives and priorities of these diverse entities necessitates effective interagency coordination. Establishing a quasi-formal execution plan, developing standardized communication protocols aid coherence and efficiency. Regular interdepartmental meetings and the inclusion of representatives from all stakeholders in decision-making processes may further ensure that missions are executed with mutual understanding and shared goals.

Blue Economy

A Blue Economy encompasses the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of ocean ecosystems. In India, with its extensive coastline and vast maritime resources, the blue economy holds significant promise.8 It involves a broad range of activities related to the marine environment, including fisheries, maritime transport, tourism, renewable energy, and marine biotechnology. It emphasizes the sustainable use of ocean resources, balancing economic growth with environmental conservation and social inclusion. Hydrography’s role in fostering the blue economy can be multifaceted, encompassing maritime security, environmental protection, disaster response, research and innovation, and regional cooperation.9 This may also include the security of maritime trade routes and the protection of valuable marine resources.10 A schematic related to Africa actually helps illustrate what is true for all countries and regions.

Importance of a Sustainable Blue Economy11

Advances in marine science and technology are essential for unlocking the full potential of the Blue Economy. The IN’s investments in research and innovation contribute to the development of new technologies and practices that enhance the sustainable use of ocean resources.12 Investment in renewable energy technologies such as solar and wind power to make its shore establishments energy efficient has reduced reliance on fossil fuels and showcases a commitment to sustainable practices. The INHD’S research initiatives in oceanography and marine science provide valuable insights into ocean dynamics, climate change, and marine ecosystems. Its collaborations with Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Survey of India (SOI) and National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) in enhancing knowledge is critical for informed decision-making and sustainable resource management.

Recommendations for Maximizing Hydrography’s Diplomatic Potential

To fully leverage hydrography as a tool for diplomacy and capacity building, India could adopt a comprehensive strategy that incorporates training, collaboration, technology advancement, and advocacy. As a key stakeholder in the region, the Indian Navy’s hydrographic capabilities play a critical role in fostering regional cooperation, ensuring maritime safety, and enhancing India’s soft power. Some areas where we could further hydrography’s diplomatic potential are:

  • Expanding Training Programs. NIH, Goa serves as a premier institution for hydrographic training, accredited by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). Though NIH has a proven record to train foreign personnel in Hydrography, it could consider exchange of faculty members as well. Officers and survey sailors from another country could come and teach certain subjects at the NIH. The value addition from this could be considerable as would be from deputing IN hydrographic personnel in instructional duties. Scholarships or financial assistance schemes could further incentivize participation and foster goodwill. Further, customizing training programs to address regional issues such as climate change, disaster response, and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) management could make the training that India offers remain relevant and impactful. For instance, a course on post-disaster hydrographic surveying can provide critical skills to nations vulnerable to tsunamis and cyclones. Also to extend the reach of training programs, impetus may be provided to launch online courses and webinars. Such platforms can also host interactive sessions with experts, enabling real-time learning and exchange of ideas.

  • Enhancing Technological Support. India’s hydrographic instruments and technology could be shared with nations lacking such capabilities. Collaboration with domestic industries to produce cost-effective tools would enable equitable access and strengthen India’s position as a regional technology leader. Emerging technologies, such as satellite-based bathymetry and AI-powered data analysis, have the potential to revolutionize hydrography. INHD should invest in these areas and share progress with IOR nations. Further, joint workshops, certifications, and technology standardization efforts could ensure interoperability and enhance regional capabilities.

  • Promoting Data Sharing and Collaboration. Establishing a regional hydrographic data repository as a central repository that is accessible to all partner nations would be to everyone’s benefit. However, this would require agreements that should outline protocols for secure and ethical sharing, addressing concerns over national security and commercial interests.

  • Enhancing Disaster Preparedness. A semi-formal, but dedicated task force comprising experts from various IOR nations could coordinate disaster response efforts. This task force could provide critical hydrographic support during maritime disasters, such as oil spills or tsunamis. Regular joint disaster simulation exercises involving hydrographic elements would help enhance regional preparedness. These exercises should focus on rapid survey deployment, data analysis, and dissemination of critical information. Further, strong collaborations with meteorological departments and disaster management agencies could ensure timely dissemination of information.

  • Engaging in Strategic Communication. To reach a diverse audience, reports highlighting India’s hydrographic contributions should be published in multiple languages. Infographics, videos, and case studies can enhance their appeal. Regularly hosting events focused on hydrography’s role in maritime governance could further its importance and position India as a very capable and helpful thought leader.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Indian Navy’s hydrographic capabilities, combined with strategic initiatives enhances maritime safety and shred prosperity in the Indian Ocean Region. Leveraging hydrography for diplomacy reflects India’s broader vision of fostering sustainable and equitable growth. Through collaborative efforts, technological innovation, and strategic communication, India could inspire a more cooperative approach to maritime governance. Hydrography is far more central to addressing critical challenges such as disaster management, maritime security, and resource optimization than is generally appreciated.

Endnotes

  1. Yogendra Kumar “India's Maritime Diplomacy in the Indo-Pacific in Pursuit of its National Objectives,” Ministry of Affairs, https://www.mea.gov.in/distinguished-lectures-detail.htm?852, accessed 01 July 2024.

  2. National Hydrographic Office, “National Report to 17th Conference of the South African and Islands Hydrographic Commission,” https://iho.int/uploads/user/Inter-Regional%20Coordinati on/RHC/SAIHC/SAIHC17/SAIHC17_2021_6.10_India_national_report.pdf accessed 28 Dec 2024.

  3. Government of India, “Join Indian Navy,” https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/, accessed 04 July 2024.

  4. Indian Naval Hydrographic Office, “Nodal Agency for Hydrographic Surveys and Nautical Charting in India,” https://hydrobharat.gov.in/, accessed 02 Dec 2024.

  5. Indian Naval Hydrographic Office, “Nodal Agency for Hydrographic Surveys and Nautical Charting in India,”.

  6. Ibid.

  7. International Hydrographic Organization(IHO), “Official Guidelines and Accreditation Details for Hydrographic Training and Standards,” https://iho.int/en/hssc, accessed 09 Dec 2024.

  8. Dr. TVS Udaya Bhakar, “Vision for India's Blue Economy and the Role of National Ocean Accounts,” https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/main_menu/India_Environmental_Accounts/PPT1/PPT2/Vision_for_India_Blue_Economy_and_the_role_of_National_Ocean_ Accounts.pdf, accessed 12 July 2024.

  9. Ajai Shukla, “Navy Outlines Plan to Quadruple India's Blue Economy by the Year 2050,” Business Standard, https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/navy-outlines-plan-to-quadr uple-india-s-blue-economy-by-the-year-2050-121042301277_1.html, accessed 10 July 2024.

  10. ANI, “How India’s Maritime Resurgence is Helping Harness Blue Economy,” India Global Business, February 13, 2021, https://www.indiaglobalbusiness.com/analyses/snap-analysis/how-indias-maritime-resurgence-is-helping-harness-blue-economy, accessed 05 July 2024.

  1. The Blue Economy, “Importance of a Sustainable Blue Economy: Statistics and facts,” Africa News, https://www.africanews.com/2018/11/26/importance-of-a-sustainable-blue-economy-sta t is t ics- and- facts/#: ~: text=Experts% 20 define% 20 the% 20 ' Sustainable% 20 Blue, technologies%2C%20 renewable%20energy%2C%20and%20circular, accessed 05 July 2024.

  2. Enviornment, “Blue Economy of the Indian Ocean: Resource Economics, Strategic Vision, and Ethical Governance,” Ebrary.Net,https://ebrary.net/189866/environment/blue_econo my_of_the_indian_ocean_resource_economics_strategic_vision_and_ethical_governance, accessed 07 July 2024.